திருவள்ளுவர் (Thiruvalluvar)
Thiruvalluvar, is a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher whose contribution to Tamil literature is the Thirukkural, a work on ethics. He was born in either Chennai or Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. Scholars are of the opinion that he was Jain.
தமிழ் கடவுள் (Lord Murugan)
Murugan is often referred to as "Tamil Kadavul" (meaning "God of Tamils") and is worshiped primarily in areas with Tamil influences, especially South India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Reunion Island.
சுவாமி விவேகாநந்தர் (Vivekananda)
Swami Vivekananda, born Narendra Nath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk and chief disciple of the 19th-century saint Ramakrishna.
Adi Shankaracharya
Adi Shankara was one of the most revered Hindu philosophers and theologians from India.
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Japan left a troubled legacy.
20 Feb 2015
தமிழ் மொழியின் வரலாறும் சிறப்பும் - (ICLS-UNISEL)
18 Feb 2015
ஆதாம் பாலம்/இராமர் பாலம் -Tamil Ancient History
2005 ஆம் ஆண்டு இந்திய அரசு இப்பாலத்தை சேது சமுத்திரத் திட்டத்தின் கீழ் தனுஷ்கோடி அருகே ஆழப்படுத்தி கப்பல் போக்குவரத்திற்கு ஏற்றதாக மாற்றும் முயற்சியை தொடங்கியுள்ளது. இந்த திட்டத்தின் படி சுமார் 400 கி.மீ. தொலைவு மற்றும் சுமார் 30 மணி நேர கடல் பயணம் மிச்சப்படுத்தப்படும். ஆனால் இந்த பாலத்தின் தொன்மையைக் காப்பாற்றும் முயற்சியில் ராமகர்மபூமி இயக்கம் ஈடு பட்டுள்ளது.
புராணப் பின்னணி
புராணமான இராமாயணத்தில் இராமர் கடலைக்கடந்து சீதையை இராவணனிடம் இருந்து மீட்பதற்காக மண், மிதக்கும் வகை கல் மற்றும் மரங்களை கொண்டு வானரங்கள் கட்டிய பாலம் பற்றிக் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது. அந்தப் பாலம் இதுவாக இருக்கலாம் என்று நம்பப்படுகிறது.
அகழ்வாராய்ச்சி
இந்தப் பாலத்தில் பல்வேறு அகழ்வாராய்ச்சிகள் நடை பெற்று வருகின்றன. அவ்வாறு ஆராய்ந்த பாரதிதாசன் பல்கலைகழகக் குழுவொன்று இந்த பாலம் சுமார் 3,500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் கட்டப்பட்டிருக்கலாம் என்று கருதுகிறது. சில புவியியல் வல்லுனர்கள் ஆதாம் பாலம் மனிதனால் கட்டப்பட்டதென்று கருதினாலும், பலர் இப்பாலம் இயற்கையாகவே தோன்றியதாக கூறுகின்றனர். செப்டம்பர் 2007ஆம் ஆண்டு மத்திய அரசு உச்சநீதிமன்றத்திற்கு அளித்த அறிக்கையில் ஆதாம் பாலம் மனிதனால் கட்டப்பட்டதற்கு ஆதாரம் இல்லை என்று கூறியது. இந்திய விண்வெளி ஆய்வு மையத்தின் ஒரு அங்கமான விண்வெளி பயன்பாட்டு மையம் நடத்திய ஆராய்ச்சியின் முடிவு இப்பாலம் இயற்கையாக தோன்றியதாக கூறுகிறது. மேலும், இந்திய நிலப்பொதியியல் கழகம் (geological survey of India) நடத்திய ஆராய்ச்சியின் பகுதியாக, இப்பாலத்தின் நீரில் மூழ்கிய பாறைகளில் பல இடங்களில் ஆழமான துளையிட்டு கிடைத்த பாறை மாதிரிகளை ஆய்வு செய்ததில், செயற்கையாக மனிதனால் கட்டப்பட்டதற்கு எவ்வித ஆதாரமும் கிடைக்கவில்லை எனக் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது.
ஆதாம் பாலம்- பெயர்க்காரணம்
1804 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆங்கிலேயரால் அராபிய புராணத்தின்படி ஆதாம் மலையுச்சியை அடைய இந்த பாலத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தியதாக உள்ள குறிப்பைக் குறிப்பிட்டு அதன்படி ஆதாம் பாலம் எனப் பெயரிடப்பட்டது.
ராமர் பாலம் சரித்திரம்
4 Jan 2015
The Clever Hare and The Witless Lion - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Once upon a time there lived a cruel lion in the forest who killed the forest animals indiscriminately. Seeing this, the animals gathered and decided to approach the lion with the offer of one animal of each species volunteering itself to be eaten by the lion everyday. So every day it was the turn of one of the animals to be the prey of lion. And in the end came the rabbits' turn. The rabbits chose a old rabbit among them. The rabbit was wise and old. It took its own sweet time to go to the Lion. The Lion was getting impatient on not seeing any animal come by and swore to kill all animals the next day.
The rabbit then reached the Lion by sunset. The Lion was angry at him. But the wise rabbit was calm and slowly told the Lion that it was not his fault. He told the Lion that a group of rabbits were coming to him for the day when on the way, an angry Lion attacked them all and ate all rabbits . Somehow he escaped to reach safely, the rabbit said. He said that the other Lion was challenging the supremacy of his Lordship ,the Lion. The Lion was naturally very enraged and asked to be taken to the location of the other Lion.
The wise rabbit agreed and led the Lion towards a deep well filled with water. Then he showed the Lion his reflection in the water of the well. The Lion was furious and started growling and naturally its image in the water, the other Lion, was also equally angry. Then the Lion jumped into the water to attack the other Lion, and so lost his life in the well. Thus the wise rabbit saved the forest and its inhabitants from the proud Lion.
--
The Crow and The Cobra - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Two crows, husband and wife, lived on a tree. Every time, the wife hatched the eggs, a cobra would come and feast on the offspring. The couple asked a jackal who was their friend to show them the way. The jackal told the crow not to despair for there is noting that a trick cannot achieve. The jackal told them to go to a big city and snatch any item of jewellery from a palace and drop it in the hollow of the tree that is the cobra's home. In search of the jewellery, the king's men would reach the tree and kill the cobra.
The crow couple flew off to a lake where the queen and her maids were bathing in water. Before entering water, the women left their jewellery and clothes on the waterside. The female crow skillfully dived and snatched a gold necklace and began slowly flying towards the cobra's hideout. The king's men who saw the crow fly off with the necklace followed the female crow and saw it dropping the necklace into the hollow of the tree. They ran to the tree and pulling it out killed the cobra.
--
The Greedy Jackal - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Once upon a time there lived a lazy jackal. Also in the hills there lived a hillman and a wild boar. Once when the hillman went to hunt, he saw the wild boar. He took a sharp aim with his arrow and stuck the boar. But the boar was only injured and it attacked the hillman and he died on the spot. Later the boar also collapsed due to the injury and died.
A jackal happened to pass the site of both the dead bodies, and decided to eat them slowly. But he was excessively greedy and first wanted to eat the bowstring, before the other bodies. As he tried to eat the bowstring which was tightly attached to the bow, it snapped and the end of the string pierced the roof of its mouth and it stuck a big injury to the jackal and the jackal too died on the spot.
--
The Mice and The Elephants - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
elephant king agreed to this and took another route to the water. And so the lives of the rats were saved.
One day a group of elephant-hunters came and trapped the elephants in huge nets. Then the elephant king suddenly remembered the king of the rats. He summoned one of the elephants of his herd which had not been trapped, to go and contact the king of rats. On listening to the elephant, the rat king took his entire group of mice and they cut open the nets which trapped the elephant herd. And so the elephant herd was totally set free.
The Blue Jackal - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
The jackal came back to the forest with his body dyed in blue. When the lions, tigers, panthers, wolves and other animals in the forest saw him, they took fright and ran away. Seeing them scared, the dyed jackal said, “ Why do you run away like that. There is no need to fear. I am a special creation of God. He told me that the animals in the jungle had no ruler and that he was nominating me as your king. He named me as Kakudruma and told me to rule all of you. Therefore all of you can live safely under my protection. ”
All the animals in the jungle accepted him as the king. He in turn appointed the lion as his minister, the tiger as his chamberlain and the wolf as the gatekeeper. After distributing office to the animals, the new king Kakudruma banished all the jackals in the forest. The lions, tigers and the wolves killed other animals and brought them as food for the king. Taking his share, Kakudruma would distribute the rest of the kill among his subjects.
One day when the blue jackal was holding court, he heard a gang of jackals howling. Thrilled by the sound of his own folk, Kakudruma began loudly responding in his natural voice. The lions and other animals immediately recognized that their king was after all a jackal and not a Godsend. They at once pounced on the blue jackal and killed him.
--
The Dove King - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Suddenly a net fell over them and they were all trapped. They saw a hunter approaching them carrying a huge club. The doves desperately fluttered their wings trying to get out, but to no avail.
The king got an idea. He advised all the doves to fly up together carrying the net with them. He said that there was strength in unity. So each dove picked up a portion of the net and together they flew off carrying the net with them. The hunter looked up in astonishment. He tried to follow them, but they were flying high over hills and valleys. They flew to a hill near a city of temples where there lived a mouse who could help them. He was a faithful friend of the dove king.
When the mouse heard the loud noise of their approach, he went into hiding. The dove king gently called out to him and then the mouse was happy to see him. The dove king explained that they had been caught in a trap and needed the mouse's help to chew the net with his teeth and set them free. The mouse agreed saying that he would set the king free first. The king insisted that he first free his subjects and the king last. The mouse understood the king’s feelings and compiled with his wishes. He began to cut the net and one by one all the doves were freed including the dove king.
They all thanked the mouse and flew away together united in their strength.
--
Sparrow's Grief - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Seeing the condition of the monkey, the female sparrow said, “Gentleman, with your feet and hands you seem to be a human being. Why didn't you build a house for yourself?' Angered by this uncalled for advice, the monkey said, “you stupid, why do not you shut up and mind your business?' The monkey told himself, “My, what impudence! This bit of a creature has the cheek to offer me advice. Makes fun of me. Unnecessary prattle. I must teach her a lesson. Why shouldn't I kill her?”
Turning to the sparrow, the monkey said, “How does it help you to worry about my plight? Haven't you heard this saying of the elders that you should offer advice to those who seek it and cherish it? Advice to him who is indifferent is like a cry in the wilderness. Don't try to do that.”
When the bird persisted, the monkey climbed up the tree and broke up the nest of the sparrow pair.
MORAL : One should be careful in offering advice. Fools ignore advice while wise men follow it & benefit by it.
--
The Monkey and The Crocodile - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
The crocodile used to take some fruits his wife too. His wife asked him as to where he got the nectar filled apples. The crocodile told her about his friend the monkey. The lady was greedy and pleaded with her husband that she would like to eat the monkey's heart, as a person who gave such tasty fruits must have a heart filled with nectar. The crocodile was angry and did not agree to deceive his friend. But she then insisted on not eating anything till he brought her his friend's heart. Out of desperation, the crocodile started making plans for killing his friend.
He came back to the monkey and invited him to his house for supper stating that his wife would be thrilled to have him home and also that she was very anxious to meet such a nice friend. Poor monkey believed the story and asked his friend as to how he could cross the sea to reach the house of the crocodile on the other side. The crocodile then offered to carry him on his back and the monkey agreed.
In the middle of the sea, the crocodile told the monkey that his wife wanted to eat his heart filled with nectar. The monkey immediately asked him to take him back to the tree as he had left his heart back at the tree. The foolish crocodile then swam back to the tree and the terrified monkey jumped up the tree never to return. The monkey at once leapt to the top of the tree and thought, “ We should not trust an untrustworthy person, even if we did, it should not be total. Such trust will destroy us completely. This is a rebirth for me.”
The crocodile was in a hurry and asked the monkey, “ What is the delay? Get you heart. My wife will be very happy.”
The monkey angrily told him, “ You idiot, have you seen anyone with two hearts? You are ungrateful. Get out of my sight and never come this way again.
MORAL : He overcomes all problems who does not lose his cool, even in the face of adversity like the monkey in the water
--
The Brahmani and The Mongoose - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
One day, leaving for the lake to bring water, the Brahmin’s wife told her husband to keep a watch on their son. Soon, a cobra entered the house. Fearing danger to the son of the Brahmin, the mongoose attacked the cobra and killed him. Hearing the footfalls of his mother Brahmani, the mongoose, with a mouth smeared by blood, went to greet her. When the mother saw the mongoose with his mouth oozing blood, thought that what she had feared had happened. Without a second thought, the Brahmin’s wife threw the pot of water on the mongoose and the mongoose died as a result.
Mourning the death of the mongoose, the woman entered the house and found that her child was soundly sleeping in the cradle and also the cobra bitten to pieces by the mongoose. The woman was struck by grief that she had killed the mongoose that was like a son to her.
MORAL : The learned have said that he who does things without discretion regrets his action like the Brahmin’s wife.
--
The Bird With Two Heads - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
The first head laughed and said, “Both of us have the same stomach. It makes no difference whether I eat it or you eat it. I shall give it to our beloved. She will be very happy.” Bharunda thus gave the fruit to his wife. The second head was disappointed at this action of the first head.
One day, the second head found a poisonous fruit and told the first head, “You treacherous fellow. For what you have done to me, I will eat this poisonous fruit and avenge your insult.” The second head said, “You fool, if you eat that, both of us will die because we have the same body.”
Ignoring his warning, the second head ate the poisonous fruit and both of them died.
MORAL : Those who are not united will perish.
--
The Musical Donkey - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
One night, he met a jackal and they both went out in search of food. They found a garden filled with cucumbers and helped themselves to a delicious meal. After that they returned every night to the garden to eat cucumbers. And so the donkey started looking healthy and fat.
One night, after a particularly tasty meal, the donkey was overwhelmed with happiness and he told the jackal he wanted to sing a song. The jackal immediately told him not to do any such thing! He warned the donkey that they were thieves so it was not a good idea to make noise and attract the farmers attention. If they were caught, they would be beaten.
But the donkey insisted on singing. The jackal told the donkey that his voice was not sweet. The donkey was upset and thought that the jackal was jealous of him. The jackal warned the donkey again that if he did sing, the farmers would come and reward him in a way that he would not like.
But the donkey started singing, and the jackal decided to wait outside the garden. When the farmers heard the donkey braying, they rushed out to beat him. The donkey fell down and the farmers tied a heavy stone around his neck.
Somehow the donkey dragged himself out to the waiting jackal. The jackal congratulated him on his reward. The donkey realised his mistake and apologised to the jackal for not listening to the good advice.
MORAL : He who has no wits of his own or does not heed advice of good friends, perishes like the donkey
--
The Jackal Strategy - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
The lion said, “You know my friend, I do not eat something others have killed. You may take it as my gift to you.” And the lion left the place.
After the lion had left, a tiger came on the scene. The jackal thought, “ I got rid of one menace through humility. How do I escape this fellow? He will not yield to any strategy I know. The only way of keeping him at bay is cunning. Let me try it.”
The jackal then went half way to greet the tiger and said, “O uncle, why are you entering this area of death? The lion has killed this elephant and asked me to keep watch on it. He has gone to take bath. Before going, he told me to inform him if any tiger happened to come here. He vowed to kill all the tigers because long time ago a tiger had nibbled at an elephant he had killed. He told me that from that day he had sworn to kill all tigers.”
These words frightened the tiger. He told the jackal, “Son, save my life. When the lion comes, don’t tell him I had come this way. Please.”
On receiving an assurance from the jackal, the tiger hurriedly left the scene. Then came a leopard.
The Jackal thought, “This fellow has strong and sharp teeth. I will persuade him to pierce the hide of the Elephant”. Addressing the leopard, the jackal said, “My son, you have come this way after a long time. You seem to be hungry. Why don’t you be my guest? See this body of the elephant killed by the lion. He has asked me to keep an eye on the body. So, have a feast before he returns.”
The leopard said, “ Uncle, how can I accept your invitation. If I want to live long I should not touch this elephant. I will leave now.”
The jackal assured him, “Don’t worry, you go ahead. I will alert you when the lion comes.”
The leopard then began attacking the elephant and when he tore the hide, the jackal cried, “ Run. The lion is coming.” In this way, the jackal managed to get rid of the leopard also.
When the jackal began feasting on the elephant flesh, another jackal came that way. He was very angry and looked very strong. The first jackal remembered the last line of the stanza “crush equals with power” and attacked the trespasser with great ferocity and killed him.
--
The Curious Monkey And The Wedge - PANCHATANTRA STORIES
Curious to know what it is, the monkey began furiously tugging at the wedge. At last the wedge came off, trapping the legs of the monkey into the rift of the log. Very soon, not able to get his legs out of the closed wood, the monkey died.
MORAL : It is not wise to poke one’s nose into affairs that are not of their concern.
--
18 Dec 2014
Indian History
..THE HISTORY..
..CASTE GROUPS..
India has more than two thousand ethnic groups[citation needed] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-Aryan – a branch of the larger Indo-European language group –, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Tibeto-Burman) as well as a language isolate (the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra). India's castism history is extremely complex; nevertheless, distinct racial divisions between peoples still exist as established by modern anthropologists, despite the fact that the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.
..RELIGION..
India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian religions. Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether, and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers. India is also the birthplace for the Jain, Lingayat, and Ahmadiyya faiths.
India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and definitive role in the life of most of its people.The religion of 80.5% of the people is Hinduism. Islam is practiced by around 13% of all Indians. Sikhism, Jainism and especially Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other people.
Hinduism is the majority in most states; Kashmir and Lakshadweep are Muslim majority; Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya are Christian majority; Punjab is a Sikh majority with hindus 37%. It is to be noted that while participants in the Indian census may choose to not declare their religion, there is no mechanism for a person to indicate that he/she does not adhere to any religion. Due to this limitation in the Indian census process, the data for persons not affiliated with any religion may not be accurate. India contains the majority of the world's Hindus, Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Jains and Bahá'í. India is also home to the third-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan. Muslims are the largest religious minority.
..MUSIC AND DANCE..
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, classical music and R&B. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, it remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and dialects, having very distinct cultural traditions.
Dance in India covers a wide range of dance and dance theatre forms, from the ancient classical or temple dance to folk and modern styles. Three best-known hindu deities, Shiva, Kali, Ganesha and Krishna, are typically represented dancing. There are hundreds of Indian folk dances such as Bhangra, Garba and special dances observed in regional festivals. India offers a number of classical Indian dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. The presentation of Indian dance styles in film, Bollywood, has exposed the range of dance in India to a global audience.
..CASTE SYSTEM..
The Indian caste system describes the system of social stratification and severe social restrictions in India in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed jātis or castes. Within a jāti, there exist exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an individual. In a handful of sub-castes such as Shakadvipi, endogamy within a gotra is permitted and alternative mechanisms of restricting endogamy are used (e.g. banning endogamy within a surname).The Indian caste system involves four castes and outcasted social groups. Caste barriers have mostly broken down in large cities, though they persist in rural areas of the country, where 72% of India's population resides.
15 Dec 2014
அங்கோர் வாட் வரலாறு - The History of Angkor Wat
வரலாறு
கட்டமைப்பு
இக்கோயில் கடவுள்களின் இருப்பிடமாகக் கருதப்படும் மேரு மலையினைக் குறிப்பதாக உள்ளது. மத்திய கோபுரங்கள், மேரு மலையின் ஐந்து சிகரங்களைக் குறிக்கின்றது. சுவர்களும், அகழியும், பிற மலைத்தொடர்களையும், கடலையும் குறிக்கின்றது. இக்கோயில் நகரத்தில் இருந்து சிறிது உயர்த்தப்பட்ட ஒரு தளத்தின் மீது அமைந்துள்ளது. மூன்று சதுர கூடங்கள், மத்திய கோபுரத்துடன் இணைந்துள்ளது. இக்கூடங்களும், கோபுரமும் அரசன், பிரம்மா, சந்திரன் மற்றும் விஷ்ணுவுக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கபட்டுள்ளது என கூறபடுகிறது.முதல் மண்டபம் வெளிப்புறம் சதுரத் தூண்களையும், உட்புறம் மூடிய சுவரையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. தூண்களுக்கு இடைப்பட்ட விதானம் (ceiling) தாமரைவடிவ அலங்காரங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. மூடிய சுவர் நடன உருவங்களால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இச்சுவரின் வெளிப்புறம் தூண்களோடுகூடிய பலகணிகள், அப்சரஸ்கள் மற்றும்விலங்குகளின் மீதமர்ந்து நடனமாடும் ஆண் உருவங்கள் முதலியவற்றால் அலங்காரம் செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. எல்லா மண்டபங்களின் சுவர்களிலும் அப்சரஸ் உருவங்கள் காணப்படுகின்றன. முதல் மண்டபத்திலிருந்து நீண்ட வழிமூலம் இரண்டாவது மண்டபத்தை அடைய முடியும். இது இரண்டு பக்கங்களிலும் சிங்கச்சிலைகள் அமைந்த படிக்கட்டைக் கொண்ட மேடையிலிருந்து அணுகப்படுகிறது. இரண்டாவது மண்டபத்தின் உட்சுவர்களில் வரிசையாக அமைந்த புடைப்புச் சிற்பங்கள் உள்ளன. மேற்குப் பக்கச் சுவரில் மகாபாரதக்காப்பியக் காட்சிகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. மூன்றாவது மண்டபம், உயர்ந்த மேல்தளத்தின் மீது ஒன்றோடொன்று மண்டபங்களால் இணைக்கப்பட்ட ஐந்து கோயில்களைச் சூழ அமைந்துள்ளது.மண்டபங்களின் கூரைகள், பாம்புகளின் உடல்களையும், சிங்கம் அல்லது கருடனின் தலையையும் கொண்ட உருவங்களால் அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. மேற்குப் பக்கத்திலுள்ள முதன்மைக் கோயிலின் வெளி முற்றத்தில் இரண்டு நூலகங்கள் அல்லது சிறிய கோவில் அமைப்புக்கள் உள்ளன. அகழிக்கு வெளியே அதனைச் சுற்றி புல்வெளிகளமைந்த பூங்காக்கள் உள்ளன.































